Meaning of Gprs

GPRS = General Packet Radio Service
WAP = Wireless Application P

Stylus or Stylus Pen

In computing, a stylus (or stylus pen) is a small pen-shaped instrument that is used to input commands to a computer screen, mobile device or graphics tablet. With touch screen devices, a user places a stylus on the surface of the screen to draw or make selections by tapping the stylus on the screen.

several styli; (L to R) PalmPilot Professional, Fossil Wrist PDA, Nokia 770, Audiovox XV6600, HP Jornada 520, Sharp Zaurus 5500, Fujitsu Lifebook P-1032

Pen-like input devices which are larger than a stylus, and offer increased functionality such as programmable buttons, pressure sensitivity and electronic erasers, are often known as digital pens.
The stylus is the primary input device for personal digital assistants. It is also used on the Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS game consoles. Some smart phones, such as Windows Mobile phones, require a stylus for accurate input. However, devices featuring multi-touch finger-input are becoming more popular than stylus-driven devices in the smart phone market; capacitive styli, different from standard styli, can be used for these finger-touch devices (iPhone, etc.).
Graphics tablets use styli containing circuitry (powered by battery or operating passively by change of inductance), to allow multi-function buttons on the barrel of the pen or stylus to transmit user actions to the tablet. Some (probably most) tablets detect varying degrees of pressure sensitivity, e.g. for use in a drawing program to vary line thickness or color density.
The first use of a stylus pen in a computing device was the Styalator, demonstrated by Tom Dimond in 1957.

Shotcut Keys For Visual Studio

General

Shortcut	Description
Ctrl-X or Shift-Delete	Cuts the currently selected item to the clipboard
Ctrl-C or Ctrl-Insert	Copies the currently selected item to the clipboard
Ctrl-V or Shift-Insert	Pastes the item in the clipboard at the cursor
Ctrl-Z or Alt-Backspace	Undo previous editing action
Ctrl-Y or Ctrl-Shift-Z	Redo the previous undo action
Ctrl-Shift-V or Ctrl-Shift-Insert	Pastes an item from the clipboard ring tab of the Toolbox at the cursor in the file and automatically selects the pasted item. Cycle through the items on the clipboard by pressing the shortcut keys repeatedly
Esc	Closes a menu or dialog, cancels an operation in progress, or places focus in the current document window
Ctrl-S	Saves the selected files in the current project (usually the file that is being edited)
Ctrl-Shift-S	Saves all documents and projects
Ctrl-P	Displays the Print dialog
F7	Switches from the design view to the code view in the editor
Shift-F7	Switches from the code view to the design view in the editor
F8	Moves the cursor to the next item, for example in the TaskList window or Find Results window
Shift-F8	Moves the cursor to the previous item, for example in the TaskList window or Find Results window
Shift-F12	Finds a reference to the selected item or the item under the cursor
Ctrl-Shift-G	Opens the file whose name is under the cursor or is currently selected
Ctrl-/	Switches focus to the Find/Command box on the Standard toolbar
Ctrl-Shift-F12	Moves to the next task in the TaskList window
Ctrl-Shift-8	Moves backward in the browse history. Available in the object browser or Class View window
Alt-Left Arrow	Go back in the web browser history
Alt-Right Arrow	Go forward in the web browser history

Meaning of Sata and Pata

SATA

Stands for "Serial Advanced Technology Attachment" or "Serial ATA." It is an interface used to connect ATA hard drives to a computer's motherboard. SATA transfer rates start at 150MBps, which is significantly faster than even the fastest 100MBps ATA/100 drives. For this and other reasons, Serial ATA is likely to replace the previous standard, Parallel ATA (PATA), which has been used since the 1980s.

Besides faster transfer rates, the SATA interface has several advantages over the PATA interface. For one, SATA drives each have their own independent bus, so there is no competition for bandwidth like there is with Parallel ATA. They also use smaller, thinner cables, which allows for better airflow inside the computer. SATA cables can be as long as one meter, while PATA cables max out at 40cm. This gives manufacturers more liberty when designing the internal layout of their computers. Finally, Serial ATA uses only 7 conductors, while Parallel ATA uses 40. This means there is less likely to be electromagnetic interference with SATA devices.

In summary, Serial ATA is a better, more efficient interface than PATA standard.

PATA

Parallel ATA (PATA) is an IDE standard for connecting storage devices like hard drives and optical drives to the motherboard. PATA generally refers to the types of cables and connections that follow this standard.

It's important to note that the term Parallel ATA used to simply be called ATA. ATA was retroactively renamed to Parallel ATA when the newer Serial ATA (SATA) standard came into being.

Features Of .Net Framework Brief

Features Of .Net Framework

1. Interoperability:

Because computer systems commonly require interaction between newer and older applications, the .NET Framework provides means to access functionality implemented in programs that execute outside the .NET environment. Access to COM components is provided in the System.Runtime.InteropServices and System.EnterpriseServices namespaces of the framework; access to other functionality is provided using the P/Invoke feature.

2.Common Language Runtime Engine:

The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the execution engine of the .NET Framework. All .NET programs execute under the supervision of the CLR, guaranteeing certain properties and behaviors in the areas of memory management, security, and exception handling.

3.Language Independence:

The .NET Framework introduces a Common Type System, or CTS. The CTS specification defines all possible datatypes and programming constructs supported by the CLR and how they may or may not interact with each other conforming to the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) specification. Because of this feature, the .NET Framework supports the exchange of types and object instances between libraries and applications written using any conforming .NET language.

4.Base Class Library:

The Base Class Library (BCL), part of the Framework Class Library (FCL), is a library of functionality available to all languages using the .NET Framework. The BCL provides classes which encapsulate a number of common functions, including file reading and writing, graphic rendering, database interaction, XML document manipulation and so on.

Portability:

While Microsoft has never implemented the full framework on any system except Microsoft Windows, the framework is engineered to be platform agnostic, and cross-platform implementations are available for other operating systems (see Silverlight and the Alternative implementations section below). Microsoft submitted the specifications for the Common Language Infrastructure (which includes the core class libraries, Common Type System, and the Common Intermediate Language), the C# language, and the C++/CLI language to both ECMA and the ISO, making them available as open standards. This makes it possible for third parties to create compatible implementations of the framework and its languages on other platforms.

Simplified Deployment

The .NET Framework includes design features and tools which help manage the installation of computer software to ensure it does not interfere with previously installed software, and it conforms to security requirements.

Security:

The design is meant to address some of the vulnerabilities, such as buffer overflows, which have been exploited by malicious software. Additionally, .NET provides a common security model for all applications.

Prefix for object in .Net

Control	Prefix
Label	lbl
TextBox	txt
DataGrid	dtg
Button	btn
ImageButton	imb
Hyperlink	hlk
DropDownList	ddl
ListBox	lst
DataList	dtl
Repeater	rep
Checkbox	chk
CheckBoxList	cbl
RadioButton	rdo
RadioButtonList	rbl
Image	img
Panel	pnl
PlaceHolder	phd
Table	tbl
Validators	val

Captcha and Its Applications

CAPTCHA  is a type of challenge-response test used in computing as an attempt to ensure that the response is generated by a person. The process usually involves one computer (a server) asking a user to complete a simple test which the computer is able to generate and grade. Because other computers are assumed to be unable to solve the CAPTCHA, any user entering a correct solution is presumed to be human. Thus, it is sometimes described as a reverse Turing test, because it is administered by a machine and targeted at a human, in contrast to the standard Turing test that is typically administered by a human and targeted at a machine. A common type of CAPTCHA requires the user to type letters or digits from a distorted image that appears on the screen.
The term "CAPTCHA" was coined in 2000 by Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas J. Hopper, and John Langford (all of Carnegie Mellon University). It is an acronym based on the word "capture" and standing for "Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart". Carnegie Mellon University attempted to trademark the term, but the trademark application was abandoned on 21 April 2008.
Characteristics: A CAPTCHA is a means of automatically generating challenges which intends to:

• Provide a problem easy enough for all humans to solve.
• Prevent standard automated software from filling out a form

A check box in a form that reads "check this box please" is the simplest (and perhaps least effective) form of a CAPTCHA. CAPTCHAs do not have to rely on difficult problems in artificial intelligence, although they can.

Application of Captchs

·          CAPTCHAs are used in attempts to prevent automated software from performin action which degrade the quality of service of a given system from abuse or resource expenditure.

·          CAPTCHAs can be used to protect systems vulnerable to e-mail spam, such as the web mail services of Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo! Mail.

·          It is also used to minimize automated posting to blogs, forums and wikis , whether as a result of commercial promotion or harassment and vandalism.

·          It also performs important role in rate limiting.

The .NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is a software framework that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large library and supports several programming languages like C++,C#(C Sharp) etc. which allows language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages). Programs written for the .NET Framework execute in a software environment (as contrasted to hardware environment), known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application virtual machine that provides important services such as security, memory management, and exception handling. The class library and the CLR together constitute the .NET Framework.
The .NET Framework's Base Class Library provides user interface, data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications. Programmers produce software by combining their own source code with the .NET Framework and other libraries. The .NET Framework is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform.

.Net Framework development is started for 1990 by Microsoft with the name Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS). In 2002 Microsoft introduce first version of .Net.

After that many other versions are released like .Net Version 1.1, 2.0, 3.0 etc. Now the latest version of .net is 4.5 was release in 2011.

Features Of .Net Framework

.Net has following features:

• Interoperability
• Common Language Runtime (CLR)
• Language In-dependency
• Base Class Interface
• Portability
• Simplify Development